In virtually every eatery, liquor store, or country market all over Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, one could buy T-shirts adorned with a mock menu reading, “Old Growth Redwood Café. Menu: Spotted Owl – $3.95. A popular bumper sticker sold among anti-environmentalists, tacitly accepted by corporate timber read, “Earth First!: America’s Favorite Speed Bumps”.[1] This was in reference to an Earth First! tactic of blockading access roads to logging and mining sites. The attempt at humor was eclipsed by the violent sentiment in which drivers were encouraged to drive over the blockading demonstrators in question. Would G-P’s Dewey Mobley or L-P’s Shep Tucker have condoned the expression of such sentiments? Would this have met their standards of “level-headedness” and “professionalism?” Perhaps a look at their colleague, John Campbell, now president of the Pacific Lumber Company under the rule of Maxxam CEO Charles Hurwitz draws an apt comparison. On Campbell’s desk sat a small tin can with a label reading “Northwest Spotted Owl—Sun Dried,” and on its side was taped a .30 caliber dumdum bullet.[2] It would be a predictable response from many that these were merely examples of humor, or that Earth First!ers and their allies lacked a sense of humor, but after having been the victims of repeated violence by the powers that be—of which its ultimate expression was infiltration and disruption by the state and a car bombing—one might forgive them for not seeing the humor in such things.
Campbell had served under the old regime at Pacific Lumber, but he was a willing general for Charles Hurwitz. Even though a sign outside of the main office in Scotia read, “For Us Every Day is Earth Day,” Campbell’s thoughts on Redwood Summer, old growth ecosystems, and endangered species, such as the spotted owl betrayed Maxxam’s utter ignorance on the matter. “What you’ve got going on here is big hype,” said Campbell to Los Angeles Weekly reporter Greg Goldin in a booming Australian accent. “People are always saying, ‘The last redwood is being cut.’ You cut a tree and it’s not the end. Just like you cut a head of lettuce; next year there’ll be lettuce, but for awhile the field is going to be bare, okay?” Evidently Campbell took Goldin and his audience for morons, because even a child knows there is a substantial difference between a head of lettuce, which takes one year to grow and a Redwood tree which can take up to eighty to reach maturity. When queried about the intrinsic value of 2,000 old growth redwoods, the exec retorted, “What you’re talking about is old, geriatric trees, right, with high mortality and negative growth”—except that conservation biologists have conclusively demonstrated that old growth redwood forest ecosystems have some of the richest, most diverse, most dense biomass among any wildlife habitat on Earth. In response to that notion, Campbell interjected, “There’s a lot of baloney out there about the ability of the critters to move around the forest. And they do. This spotted owl thing in the redwoods is a hoax. You’ve got owls living all over the place.”[3] While this was true, it meant that they were desperately searching for new habitat to compensate for the loss of their old. Campbell’s opinions, as convinced as the P-L President may have sounded simply do not hold up to peer reviewed, scientific scrutiny.[4] This was, however, the typical corporate propaganda line on the issue, repeated ad nauseum, to anyone who would listen. The corporate media, owned by the same class of people, treated such opinions as credible.
It was not as though Redwood Summer demonstrators were foaming at the mouth extremists. Such people don’t, as a rule, conduct vigils, such as the daily vigils on a log truck route near Sprowel Creek in the Garberville area, which happened, as usual, on Tuesday, August 14, 1990. Rabid extremists don’t generally try to negotiate with their adversaries for mitigation, as these folks attempted to do with the local timber operator, Barnham.[5] Nor do they march peacefully and hold press conferences listing renewable economic alternatives for their county, as Redwood Summer activists did the next day in Eureka. Tired of being accused of taking away timber jobs and having no economic alternatives to corporate logging, Redwood Summer demonstrators marched to State Senator Barry Keene’s and Congressman Doug Bosco’s offices in Eureka to present the very alternatives they were accused of lacking. The activists’ proposal demanded that for any timber worker who lost their job due to cutbacks be put to work doing stream, forest, and fisheries restoration. The jobs would be funded jointly by the government and large timber corporations. The proposal also called for the phasing out of corporate timber in favor of smaller, locally owned firms, and bans on aerially administered herbicide underbrush removal, and automation—in other words, all of the practices (other than log exports) which resulted in job losses. The demonstrators made it clear that their plans were only initial suggestions and that they intended to flesh them out more thoroughly. Michelle Dulas declared, “There was a timber industry before there were corporations.”[6]
Violent terrorists do not, on the average, negotiate cancellations of demonstrations at the advice of neutral mediators.[7] On Wednesday, August 15, Redwood Summer organizers had planned a march in Scotia, but after the goals of the march—namely illustrating that Maxxam’s greed was ultimately harming Pacific Lumber employees and the local economy—had been already met through community dialog facilitated by Middle Ground the previous Sunday, the activists called off their planned demonstration.[8] “(It’s) important that the community find ways to rely on itself to protect/help displaced workers—it can’t rely on corporations or government agencies,” wrote the Middle Ground facilitator on the discussion board.[9]
Long time local Earth First!er and Redwood Summer organizer Michelle Dulas assessed the mediation optimistically:
“One of the best parts of [R]edwood [S]ummer for me is to be part of, and witness to, the communication between the different factions of this community. Within the format of “middle ground” we have begun to transcend our differences and identify some of the issues that we have in common, such as the needs for an income, family, home, clean air, and clean water. It is time to rearrange our priorities to put healthy life before corporate profit.”[10]
It would be naïve to assume, however, that corporate timber or its enablers would willingly negotiate with its critics after having had their way for so long. Even though representatives of Mothers’ Watch—including Candace Boak—had been present during the Middle Ground dialog and feigned some receptiveness to economic alternatives proposed by Redwood Summer, their gestures were at best, insincere.[11] When asked her thoughts, Boak declared, “I feel that the Redwood Summer people have declared war on the corporations that support our community. You can’t have the timber industry without the workers or the workers without the timber industry.”[12] Boak’s willingness to work with the militaristic and crypto fascist Sahara Club was more a declaration of war than anything done by Earth First! or its allies.
Indeed, the fact that negotiations were taking place at all reflects the enormous amount of grassroots power that the combined forces of Earth First!, IWW, Seed of Peace, many other activist organizations, and local residents had brought together to finally challenge the status quo. As that power grew, the powers that be had already demonstrated their willingness to turn to increasingly desperate and repressive measures. For example, in mid-June, public representatives from P-L, Simpson, and L-P had met with representatives of Humboldt State University at the Eureka Inn to “express concern” over students’ involvement in Redwood Summer and “lack of support” for the timber industry. HSU President Alistair McCrone circulated memos listing the industry representatives’ “concerns”.[13]
“They ranged from the picayune (a reference on Page 9 of an alumni publication to ‘clearcutting of old-growth redwoods’) to the impressionistic (‘believe professors don’t support the timber industry’).
“The biggest threat was a possible withdrawal of financial support of the Partnership Campaign, the university’s largest source of private donations. The campaign was ‘in trouble with them and other members of the community,’ the memo said.
“Included also were complaints that protesters have been seen wearing such HSU equipment as wetsuits, that teachers should support the industry by writing letters to the editor and that HSU should have made a supporting statement such as one supposedly made by the head of College of the Redwoods.
“They also insisted on knowing why the school approves posters calling for civil disobedience and on finding out which student groups ‘are anti-industry,’ so they can deny them funds.
“Ignoring the rising tide of protests about timber practices, the flacks even asked why the university is so out of step with the community.”[14]
According to EcoNews editor Andy Alm, this meeting represented nothing more than a corporate shakedown of the local institute of higher learning, and a threat to cut off this particular public university’s supply of private sector donations. Given L-P’s outsourcing, which was already in practice, this probably did represent a form of “job blackmail”.[15] HSU officials, specifically Vice President of University Relations Don A. Cristiansen denied that the meeting represented a case of “being taken to the woodshed,” and described the meetings as being mutually arranged. According to Christiansen:
“The ‘woodshed meeting’ was called by the university, and university representatives served as hosts.
“The discussion was, as we had hoped, both candid and direct, but there was no ‘scolding, grilling, browbeating, insisting, or reading of the riot act’
“The university’s position remains unaltered. That is: we will not tolerate the misappropriation or misuse of university property. We will, however, continue to serve as an open, impartial forum for the exchange of views and ideas.”[16]
This may have indeed been the way the HSU officials saw it, but the simple fact that a public university relied so crucially on the whims of private donors frames just how far one in McCrone’s position would be willing to “volunteer”. According to Kie Relyea, editor in chief of the HSU student newspaper, The Lumberjack:
“That financial support comes from the Partnership Program, an annual solicitation of local businesses and the professional community which, in 1989, brought $115,901 to HSU in 1989.
“Of that, about $45,000—or 39 percent—came from the timber industry, as represented by Louisiana-Pacific, Pacific Lumber Co. and Simpson Timber.
“The implications of the industry’s financial strong-arm tactics, as indicated by the EcoNews, has made those at the meeting hot.
“‘I want to insure you that too many things in the EcoNews were definitely colored and offbeat. It definitely compromised reality,’ said J. Michael Slinker, HSU director of public affairs.
“Slinker pointed out that it was HSU officials who initiated the meeting, and that it was held ‘to continue open lines of communication with members of the timber industry.’
“In return, Andy Alm, who wrote one of the articles, said that while parts of the articles can be construed as interpretive, ‘The way we reported the story is not the issue.’ What is the issue is what occurred in the meeting, Alm said.
“‘You have to raise questions. Why did the university feel compelled to meet with the industry?’ Alm, who was not at the meeting, asked.
“He said he wrote his articles based on two accounts by eyewitnesses who attended the meeting.”[17]
Perhaps HSU officials might have considered the implications of professor Carlton Yee, who also served on the California State Board of Forestry and had already demonstrated a willingness to advocate felonies, such as forgery and voter fraud, in defense of corporate timber.[18] Perhaps HSU officials might have pondered how “objective” it was to appoint Simpson Timber General Manager Dave Kaney to a four year term on the university’s fourteen member advisory board. The appointment was made by none other than Alistair McCrone.[19] Yet, reaction by HSU officials to Alm’s framing of the issue was one of incredulity. However, the corporate press often, without question, accepted corporate timber’s framing of nonviolent demonstrators, particularly Earth First!ers as “eco-terrorists”, even though, in reality, no Earth First!er, in northwestern California at least, was ever actually convicted of “terrorism”. This was no doubt due to the incredible political and economic clout the timber corporations possessed. Corporate timber and its apologists were always trying to find something—anything—they could use to convict Earth First!, though during Redwood Summer there were no proven cases of any of its participants engaging in violence.[20]
There were, of course, plenty of accusations that they were, such as that of Eureka resident Ed Cox who claimed that on August 3, 1990, Redwood Summer activists at the Six Rivers National Forest base camp in Trinity County chased him out of the camp because they wanted to conduct one of their activist trainings. Cox’s account was ambiguous, however, and he was quoted as saying, “I could have stayed if I had wanted to join in with their activities, but no thank you.” Cox apparently did not report this incident to the police, and he certainly didn’t report it to the forest rangers, though he claimed to have later discovered that what (he claimed) the activists did “was not legal” and announced that he would definitely report such activity if it happened again.[21] Given the double standards shown by the local authorities towards dissidents, particularly anyone remotely connected with Earth First!, and the utter lack of any independent corroborating evidence, it is difficult to take Cox seriously. It is evident that the authorities chose not to act, because nobody was tried and convicted for the alleged crime. In any case, what likely took place was that the assembled activists wary of anyone who was not present specifically for the training insisted that any outsiders be asked to either participate or leave, which is a logical reaction given the proven fact that FBI had been engaging in surveillance and infiltration of Earth First!
A telling example of the double standards this economic and political relationship fostered took place on Friday, August 17, at Korbel, California. Korbel is located just east of Arcata.[22] What actually happened depends on who was asked and where they stood on the timber issue, naturally.[23]
On the day in question, John Campbell and other timber industry representatives were holding yet another “meeting” with approximately 35 HSU staff members at the Simpson Timber’s mill office in that small hamlet.[24] The event was “part of a two-day symposium and field trip” and was sponsored by yet another timber industry front group known as the Redwood Region Conservation Council (RRCC). Members of the “council” went to great lengths to emphasize that the first “C” stood for “Conservation”, but defined it as “the wise and multiple use of our natural resources.”[25] In practice this generally meant that the needs of capital, namely the maximization of profit, trumped all other considerations.[26] Redwood Summer organizers and participants were not invited. When John Campbell rose to speak, approximately 65 Redwood Summer demonstrators standing outside the building, who had been refused access to the meeting in question, attempting to get the attention of those assembled inside, held up protest signs to the windows.[27] Some of them, frustrated that their message was being ignored, began chanting and pounding on the walls. Eventually two of the demonstrators were allowed into the hall.[28] RRCC spokesperson Kim Rodrigues of Trinidad excoriated the Earth First! demonstrator(s) for “posing as sincere, concerned” speakers and lambasted them for “choosing not to listen” thus robbing themselves of “an opportunity to learn from these important representatives.”[29] Arcata resident Claire Duffy, another industry representative questioned whether Earth First! would have done the same for them, and answered her own question the negative[30], though it would have perhaps surprised her to learn that they had invited timber workers—even adversarial ones—to speak at their rallies, and the notion that Redwood Summer organizers could learn anything more from corporate timber’s propaganda apparatus was laughable.
At this point, the lights in the building went out for reasons “which nobody can explain”, according to Mendocino Country Environmentalist editor, Richard Johnson, presumably because the demonstrators did not have access to the light switches or the means to actually interrupt the power. John Campbell moved toward the exit, and the assembled parties hastily ended their meeting.[31] Duffy claimed that the protesters “introduced a highly volatile liquid, butyric acid, whose extremely obnoxious vapor caused upset stomachs and headaches,” but there is no known corroborating evidence from either the police or media confirming this.[32] The P-L executive got into his vehicle and prepared to drive away, but as he neared the exit, a half dozen protesters barred his egress, and attempted to place him under citizens’ arrest for violations of various California forestry protection laws.[33] Several members of the RRCC, many of whom were P-L managers witnessed the exchange and reported that the 6-8 protesters climbed onto Campbell’s car, pounding on the car body and windows, after he had left the parking lot, which was most likely a lie.[34] At least one other witness who was favorable to Campbell reported that Campbell left by another exit after encountering a group of protesters blockading the first exit.[35] Robert Serina, who was one of the half-dozen, described in detail his account of what happened next from his point of view:
“Two people had decided to attempt a citizen’s arrest of the president of Pacific Lumber Co. (even though they realized that they might themselves be arrested). Just after that failed and they were arrested, Mr. Campbell turned around and went out another way, encountering a group of people still intent on stopping him. When he did not stop but instead chose to drive into the crowd, they became infuriated and began to pound on the car. While this was happening I ran down to the area intending to stop the car and get everyone away from it, then negotiate with the police our case of the citizens’ arrest. I felt the best way was to stand directly in front of the car where the driver would have no choice but to either stop or run me over. He chose the latter and I fell on the hood.
“The hood was wet and I slid up to the windshield where I, also infuriated, pounded on the windshield and called the driver a son of a bitch. He then accelerated rapidly and I hung on as he swerved through the crowd. He stopped a couple of times, but I had decided not to get off until a police car came along. I was then arrested. I was unable to get the whole story out before now because I had hired an attorney and had to clear all my public statements through him.
“After being arrested I was not allowed any visitors or phone calls for three days. Misinformation was released such as that I was on the roof of the car, not the hood. Also a statement was made by the police that the driver was told to keep going. However, at the trial, all that I remember being mentioned was an underhand wave by an officer—no verbal instructions.”[36]
According to Serina, Campbell had driven, with the former clinging onto on his hood, for at least a quarter mile.[37] Campbell, on the other hand claimed that Serina jumped onto the hood and that he only drove for 300-400 yards; the exec also claimed that he stopped at one point and asked the activist to get off.[38] The same group of eyewitnesses that claimed the protesters pounded Campbell’s car after he left the parking lot claimed that those that had jumped on the car leapt off leaving only Serina on top of it. They also claimed that the P-L President merely drove for one city block.[39]
Serina’s account was corroborated by several witnesses, including Richard Johnson,[40] but the police arrested Serina instead, along with two other protesters, Berkeley resident Atila Rego-Montero and Tristan David Haller, whom the Eureka Times-Standard identified as a 21 year-old “transient”.[41] A man identified as a logger, Thomas David Barrows, who had discharged a fire extinguisher at some of the protestors was also arrested on suspicion of battery. He was cited and released.[42]
Corporate Timber’s apologists naturally accused the demonstrators, particularly Serina, of being the aggressors, as usual. Humboldt Beacon and Fortuna Advance editor and publisher Glenn Simmons editorial was chock full of hyperbolic rants about Serina “pounding his fists on John Campbell’s car” (even though Serina was actually trying to stop other, less level-headed demonstrators from doing just that). Nowhere does Simmons consider that Campbell deliberately drove his car into the small crowd who was exercising their right to attempt a citizen’s arrest against the exec. Nowhere does Simmons acknowledge that all of the incidents of violence that took place during Redwood Summer, without exception, were perpetrated by the agents of the timber industry or its enablers.[43] Claire Duffy rationalized Campbell’s recklessness by charging that, “no sane person would have stopped his car for a wild mob. Trying to stop him by what right? If one is foolish enough to risk personal safety by placing one’s body in a potentially hazardous situation, one must bear the consequences of the act.”[44] One Santa Rosa Press Democrat reader demised any notion that Campbell deliberately ran down the demonstrators, and accused Serina of attacking the P-L official instead.[45] Fortunately, at least one individual rebutted this absurd claim.[46]
Redwood Summer organizer Karen Wood, who was incensed that Campbell was not charged or arrested, declared, “The president of Pacific Lumber has sent a message to his employees that it is acceptable to injure or even kill people who want to protect ancient redwoods. Humboldt County has no alternative, but to prosecute John Campbell!”[47] Campbell, however, against who Serina filed an assault complaint, was not arrested or even charged.[48] Humboldt County assistant D.A. Mike Robinson claimed that evidence being reviewed by the D.A.’s office, including unspecified videotape, “indicated that charges (against Campbell were) not warranted,” which led Karen Wood to respond, “I think this is something that is completely unacceptable. We have dozens of eyewitnesses to the incident. We have it on videotape. There is ample evidence that John Campbell committed a violent crime.” Campbell, himself, had no comment. The videotapes the D.A.’s office claimed to have were never shown to the news media. Unfortunately, only one videotape taken by the activists was ultimately made available in the short term—the others evidently belonged to activists whose contact information was not readily available to the main Redwood Summer organizers—and this did not show the moment when Campbell drove towards the exit or how Serina wound up on the P-L exec’s windshield. The D.A.’s office, however declined Wood’s offer to examine any of the tapes in question.[49]
Even though twenty protestors held a 24-hour vigil at Campbell’s house in Redway for the next three days, and tried again to have him placed under citizen’s arrest, police refused to cooperate.[50] Serina, meanwhile, was eventually convicted of blocking traffic and causing a hazardous condition and sentenced to four months in jail, two years probation, and a $1,000 fine.[51] He maintained steadfast in his resolve, however, declaring:
“The only thing I regret slightly is not falling off at 40 mph, as a few scrapes and bumps would have changed the outcome somewhat…As to the detractors who feel the whole thing was too violent, all I can say is I was only keeping up with our [Earth First!] tradition as being ‘America’s favorite speed bumps, or—in this case—hood ornaments.”[52]
Serina also made it clear that the original intent of the protest was to refocus the energy of Redwood Summer away from the workers in the field and “up to the corporate offices where the real responsibility resides.” He added:
“I feel [a four month sentence] is disproportionate for a misdemeanor—not to save time or money but to try and show that people, no matter how high up a corporate ladder they are, still are accountable for what they and their employees do…When I was riding on the hood of a Pacific Lumber company car, P-L was cutting a grove that very strong circumstantial evidence contained nesting sites of ‘species of special concern,’ the Marbles Murrelet and the California Fisher—sites that are protected by law. This point, sadly, is now moot, as that grove has been destroyed.”[53]
Serina’s attorney, David Crane, declared “120 days was quite a surprise to me for someone with no criminal record in a first-offense misdemeanor with no bodily injury.” His sentence was initially reduced by the ten days he had already served in jail as a result of his arrest, and expected to have it reduced at least 20% to as much as 50% due to jail overcrowding, according to the Humboldt County Sheriffs’ department. Serina intended to appeal the verdict, arguing that the jury had acted inappropriately, following D.A. Terry farmer’s direction to “send a message” to the protesters who came to Humboldt County. The activist maintained that technically, he was innocent, because he was attempting to exercise his right to make a citizen’s arrest of Campbell, but the latter had responded by forcefully charging into him.[54] Meanwhile, Farmer all but let L-P—who continued to pour toxic effluents into the nearby Pacific Ocean waters—commit far worse crimes. The “message” that Farmer was sending, was that there were two standards of “justice” in the Redwood Empire: one for the employing class, and one for everybody else. The situation was no better in Mendocino County, whose D.A Susan Massini joined forces with Humboldt County lawyers and the California Highway Patrol to ask the court to withdraw Whitehorn activist Mem Hill’s charges against law enforcement agencies of all three jurisdictions for failing to protect her against the attacks made against her by the Lancasters during the National Tree Sit Week protests there the previous August.[55]
This notion was reinforced at the end of August when twenty Redwood Summer demonstrators, all of them women, staged a sit in (or “liberation” as they called it) of one of Carleton Yee’s classes at Humboldt State University. The women demanded that the university teach forestry based on the “Gaia” principle, that the Earth is a living being, and they equated systemic violence against women and patriarchy with violence against the Earth.[56] Professor Yee, whose personal interests were squarely within the camp of corporate timber and had never cast a single vote against their interests while serving on the California State BOF, was not willing.[57] He called the police, though the latter chose not to make any arrests.[58] HSU President Allistair McCrone again saw no conflict of interest in aligning himself with big timber, and chose to declare the class liberation “a violation of (Yee’s and his students’) civil rights.”[59] That he chose to air his views in the blatantly biased and right wing Humboldt Beacon and Fortuna Advance is all the more telling. Students and universities have been, since the 1960s, a constant whipping boy for the forces of the far right (whose “studies” on the subject are funded by hyper-capitalist think tanks) who accuse them of being “bastions of communism” and “politically correct fascism”. In reality, the opposite is often true, and McCrone’s (and Yee’s) conduct only adds weight to this belief. Whether in the woods, in the courts, in the press, or even in the schools, there were two standards of justice in the Redwood Empire.
Notes:
[1] “Lost in the Woods”, by Greg Goldin, Los Angeles Weekly, September 7, 1990.
[2] “Redwood Bummer: If an Earth First! Protest Falls in the Forest and No One Hears It, Did It happen?”, by Marc Cooper, Village Voice, September 18, 1990.
[3] “Lost in the Woods”, by Greg Goldin, Los Angeles Weekly, September 7, 1990.
[4] “Study Disputes Benefits of Old Growth Replacement”, UPI, Eureka Times-Standard, February 10, 1990.
[5] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[6] “Activists Unveil Economic Plan for North Coast”, by David Forster, Eureka Times-Standard, August 16, 1990.
[7] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[8] “Middle Ground Breakthrough”, press release, Country Activist, September 1990.
[9] “Protests Prompt Community Action”, by Leslie Weiss, The Lumberjack, August 29, 1990.
[10] “Middle Ground Breakthrough”, press release, Country Activist, September 1990.
[11] “Middle Ground Breakthrough”, press release, Country Activist, September 1990.
[12] “Activists Unveil Economic Plan for North Coast”, by David Forster, Eureka Times-Standard, August 16, 1990.
[13] “Blacklist, Blackmail Stalk North Coast”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, August 1990.
[14] “HSU Scolded”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, August 1990.
[15] “Blacklist, Blackmail Stalk North Coast”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, August 1990.
[16] “Unembraceable Hue”, letter to the editor by Don A Christiansen, EcoNews, September 1990.
[17] “HSU, Timber Officials Discuss Financial Support; Industry Questions, Commitment to University”, by Kie Relyea editor in chief, The Lumberjack, August 29, 1990.
[18] Just a Joke, So Yee is Free, EcoNews, June 1990.
[19] “Simpson Manager Named to HSU Panel”, Eureka Times-Standard, August 23, 1990.
[20] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[21] “East Fork Camper Chased by Radicals”, letter to the editor by Ed Cox, Eureka Times-Standard, August 15, 1990.
[22] “Here and There in Mendocino County”, by Bruce Anderson, Anderson Valley Advertiser, August 8, 1990.
[23] “Protester, Not PL Chief, Charged in Melee”, by David Forester, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[24] “Stiff Sentence for Car Rider”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, December 1990.
[25] “Important Meeting in Korbel Disrupted”, letter to the editor by Kim Rodrigues, August 26, 1990.
[26] Cite Carl Deal. [Need page].
[27] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[28] “4 Arrested After Melee at Korbel Site”, Eureka Times-Standard, August 18, 1990.
[29] “Important Meeting in Korbel Disrupted”, letter to the editor by Kim Rodrigues, August 26, 1990.
[30] “Earth First! Behavior Repugnant”, letter to the editor by Claire Duffy, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[31] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[32] “Earth First! Behavior Repugnant”, letter to the editor by Claire Duffy, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[33] “Stiff Sentence for Car Rider”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, December 1990.
[34] “Eyewitnesses Recall Incident at Korbel”, letter to the editor by Jim Holmes, et. al., Eureka Times-Standard, August 26, 1990.
[35] “Misrepresentation to Achieve Goals”, letter to the editor by Larry Hull, Eureka Times-Standard, August 24, 1990.
[36] Public statement by Bob Serina, various publications, including Anderson Valley Advertiser, November 14, 1990 (“What Really Happened at Korbel”); Mendocino Country Environmentalist, November 15, 1990 (untitled); and EcoNews, December 1990 (“Hood Ornament Speaks Out”).
[37] “1990: A Year in the Life of Earth First!”, by Judi Bari, Anderson Valley Advertiser, January 2, 1991.
[38] “Protester, Not PL Chief, Charged in Melee”, by David Forester, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[39] “Eyewitnesses Recall Incident at Korbel”, letter to the editor by Jim Holmes, et. al., Eureka Times-Standard, August 26, 1990.
[40] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[41] “4 Arrested After Melee at Korbel Site”, Eureka Times-Standard, August 18, 1990. [Also recheck sources] “Protesters Clash With Timber President”, by Tobias Young, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, August 18, 1990; “Three Protesters, Timber Worker Arrested”, AP Wire, Ukiah Daily Journal, August 19, 1990; “Protester, Not PL Chief Charged in Melee”, by David Forester, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990; and “No Charges Against Timber President”, by Tobias Young, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, August 22, 1990.
[42] “4 Arrested After Melee at Korbel Site”, Eureka Times-Standard, August 18, 1990.
[43] “Redwood Summer Anything but Nonviolent”, editorial by Glenn Simmons, Humboldt Beacon and Fortuna Advance, August 30, 1990.
[44] “Earth First! Behavior Repugnant”, letter to the editor by Claire Duffy, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[45] “Trumped-Up Charge”, letter to the editor by Margeret M. Patrick, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, August 26, 1990.
[46] “Absurd Scenario?” letter to the editor by Bruce Robinson, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, September 4, 1990.
[47] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[48] “Serina Update”, Ruth Anne Cecil and Bob Martel, Country Activist, November 1990.
[49] “Protester, Not PL Chief, Charged in Melee”, by David Forester, Eureka Times-Standard, August 22, 1990.
[50] “1990: A Year in the Life of Earth First!”, by Judi Bari, Anderson Valley Advertiser, January 2, 1991.
[51] “Summer Protester Guilty; Activist’s Leap Leads to 4-Month Jail Term”, by Rhonda Parker and Lisa Shaw, Eureka Times-Standard, November 3, 1990.
[52] “Stiff Sentence for Car Rider”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, December 1990.
[53] Public statement by Bob Serina, various publications, including Anderson Valley Advertiser, November 14, 1990 (“What Really Happened at Korbel”); Mendocino Country Environmentalist, November 15, 1990 (untitled); and EcoNews, December 1990 (“Hood Ornament Speaks Out”).
[54] “Stiff Sentence for Car Rider”, by Andy Alm, EcoNews, December 1990.
[55] “A Pattern of Violence”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, September 15, 1990.
[56] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[57] “Here and There in Mendocino County”, by Bruce Anderson, Anderson Valley Advertiser, September 26, 1990.
[58] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[59] “Civil Rights Violated by Redwood Summer”, letter to the editor by Allistair McCrone, Humboldt Beacon and Fortuna Advance, August 30, 1990.