The days that followed the very successful Redwood Summer demonstration in Samoa were busy and not a day went by when there wasn’t at least something happening. When actions were not taking place in the woods, at the mills, or in or near government offices, Timber Harvest Plans were being reviewed (and many denied which was unprecedented) by the California Department of Forestry, lawsuits were being filed against the timber corporations, or issues of old growth preservation, spotted owls, log exports, jobs, and timber dependent community economics were discussed fairly extensively in the news. Redwood Summer deserves much of the credit for starting this wave, and over the course of the summer, they issued no less than thirty press releases, and when individual coalition members were mentioned, they always included Earth First!, the IWW, and Seeds of Peace on their letterhead.
Of course, the matter of the Northern Spotted Owl overshadowed everything else, even though it was only indirectly related to Redwood Summer, and on June 21, 1990, the George H. W. Bush administration begrudgingly listed the spotted owl as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act.[1] Bush’s Secretary of the Interior, Manuel Lujan, was a harsh critic and reluctant defender of the Endangered Species Act, and he declined to offer any hint on what changes in forestry policy and timber harvesting would be required by the listing.[2] The US Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management would now be required to formally consult on any timber sale that could potentially jeopardize the threatened owl with the Fish and Wildlife Service, which itself would be required to make a determination. The FWS would also be responsible for designating “critical habitat” for the owl. Scientists had identified habitat conservation areas (HCAs) large enough to support twenty pairs of owls, though only 15% of the HCAs in California were believed to contain fifteen or more owl pairs. According to the USFS, there were 949 known pairs, and 1,743 estimated pairs of the Northern Spotted Owl in northern California, Oregon, and Washington. Although the listing would actually be effective July 23, 1990, the Forest Service and BLM, under the aegis of the Department of Agriculture, issued a five-point plan of potential interim directives in the meantime.[3] Not all of their suggestions were in the spirit of the ruling, however, because one suggested remedy proposed weakening the Endangered Species Act, allowing some to go extinct, if preserving the species posed “economic hardship.” Another proposed remedy hinted at the possibility of expediting timber sale quotas for Oregon and Washington, which would effectively result in a mad rush of timber harvesting before the new rules finally took effect, matching closely the rush on corporate clearcut logging in California in fear that Forests Forever would be passed by the voters in November.[4]
Whatever else, this development was big news, and it received national media attention, usually framing the issue as a matter of protecting endangered species versus saving jobs. For example, Time magazine, described the situation as, “More than a contest for survival between a species and an industry, the owl battle is an epic confrontation between fundamentally different philosophies about the place of man in nature. As issue: Are the forests—and by extension, nature itself—there for man?”[5] Environmentalists hailed to decision to list the owl as threatened, but decried the already obvious attempts by the fox (in this case corporate timber and the government) to guard the proverbial henhouse and create as many loopholes in the process as possible. For example, the California Ancient Forest Alliance (CAFA) requested that the Forest Service defer all timber sales in HCAs. David Edelson of the Natural Resources Defense Council argued in a letter written on behalf of CAFA that the current Forest Service policy violated the law. It was also infuriating that the point of the owl being an indicator species was being buried in the debate, and that other species were even more endangered. “Given that the owl can fly over large areas of unsuitable habitat—a trait not shared by other species inhabiting old growth habitat, such as the fisher—a management strategy focused narrowly on the owl cannot be considered adequate for protecting ancient forests,” argued Edelson, adding that allowing continued logging in key habitat areas, “can only be described as highly irresponsible.” There were studies suggesting that the Fisher, a forest dependent medium sized member of the weasel family, was also in serious trouble. A group of twelve environmental organizations petitioned the USFWS to declare the Fisher endangered in California, Oregon, and Washington.[6]
Corporate timber’s position was that either the Northern Spotted Owl could coexist with the clearcutting of its old-growth habitat or that society couldn’t afford the cost in jobs that could potentially be lost due to its protection. That the owl was an indicator species of much greater loss of biodiversity—and with it timber related jobs—was simply not a fact to which the industry would acquiesce. Congressman Doug Bosco couldn’t ignore the science of the listing, but still felt compelled to parrot the timber industry’s unscientific studies on the economic fallout of the listing by saying, “We now have two threatened species, the owl and thousands of families that depend on our forests for the food on their tables.”[7] It is unknown whether or not Bosco had any knowledge of the suppressed study that included recommendations that would have provided both protection for the spotted owl as well as addressed the economic factors affecting timber workers.[8] Bosco also declared that he was “ordering the Forest Service to come forward with plans that minimize job loss and not extend owl habitat areas to the extent recommended by government biologists,” claiming further that after more than a century of logging on the North Coast, “we’ve still got the owl and the most pristine environment in the world.” [9] The falsehoods and wrongheaded assumptions loaded into that statement needed little comment, but such thoughts were commonly echoed by the apologists for corporate timber. Naturally, the capitalists (assisted by the leadership of the business unions, in what few places still had unions representation) blamed the environmentalists, and the workers bought into the lie. The industry, declining to take any responsibility for the workers’ plight, encouraged the workers to vent their frustrations and hosted another yellow-ribbon dominated, “pro jobs” rally in Roseburg, Oregon, on June 24, 1990.[10]
Naturally, the issue was linked to Redwood Summer, and even though all northern California Earth First! groups had bent over backwards to emphasize that their motivation was preservation of both the old growth forests (and no doubt with it spotted owls or any other threatened species) and jobs, the organizers were painted as the villains. As described by Mendocino Commentary publisher, Harold Blythe:
“As I have said many times, the spotted owl is merely a symptom of a problem that has been going on for a very long time. Jobs have been declining since the 1950s when, for example, there were fifty mills between Alton and Bridgewell in Humboldt County As the old forests were logged, reforestation was nonexistent or spotty, and companies did not invest in new mills to handle the less valuable trees. This has been complicated by letting raw logs be exported to Japan, which has caused many mills to close. You know the story: NO LOGS = NO JOBS. Then LP decides to move some of their facilities to Mexico. It goes on and on.
“Now it is ‘Redwood Summer,’ where the environmentalists and the logging industry are putting out different messages. The workers say they are caught in the middle. They are losing jobs and will lose a lot more if the spotted owl listing remains firm. But keep in mind that the job losses can be attributed to automation and timber exports. Many feel discouraged—their way of life is valued slightly below the existence of a pesky bird. What the environmentalists during the ‘Redwood Summer’ demonstrations are trying to do is link up with the workers over issues of health and safety and maintaining a sustainable forest, producing new trees as fast as they’re cut to maintain jobs. The working people feel really beat up as these areas don’t have high tech and need the timber industry to keep the men and women working. Then you have the hard-liners who show no patience with the environmentalists and who clash with cooler heads who called for a compromise with Earth First! You have people like Kent Holmgren, a Miranda timber man who heard that there was a bounty on Earth First! members and said, ‘You don’t have to bring them in, only their ears.’ It also seems that everyone wants to talk about environmentalists taking jobs from loggers; no one wants to talk about the economic effects of exports or automation.”[11]
Tim McKay of the North Coast Environmental Center put matters even more bluntly:
“The workers of the timber regions of the West are at the mercy of the card sharks who have been gambling with their future. If you are told to pay for protection or else you might get hurt, the crime is called extortion. If the high rollers who manage big timber tell their employees that they had better fight against the nation’s environmental laws or else their future will hurt, it is called political organizing…
“As the spotted owl tragedy demonstrates, power corrupts and the power of big timber in the West has tainted many politicians, neutralized others and even caused school superintendents—dependent on in-lieu timber taxes—to forget their biology lessons...”[12]
Even though everyone was still buzzing about Samoa, the very next day, on June 21, 1990, the CDF denied a 57 acre Eel River Sawmills THP on the upper Mattole River on cumulative impact grounds.[13] The Mattole Action Group, the Coast Headwaters Association, EPIC, the Mattole Watershed Salmon Support Group, and the Sinkyone Wilderness Intertribal Council sued to stop the cut in early May, and Eel River Sawmills had agreed to delay logging pending court review of the site.[14] A small group of 75 demonstrators from the various Watershed groups, independently of Earth First!, had demonstrated against the cut early the previous month, holding a prayer vigil near Whitethorn, though logging crews didn’t even show up that day. While that was taken as a sign by some of those dismissive of Redwood Summer and Earth First! (such as Nancy Barth, for example) that direct action had become old hat[15], in fact they proved the opposite: that opposition to controversial logging plans were a reality and that change was in the air. That local watershed groups were willing to stage public protests at all (as opposed to merely writing letters, attending hearings, or filing lawsuits) was a major change from previous years. And though the protests were small by comparison to the larger demonstrations now being organized by the Redwood Summer coalition (though the latter still organized many smaller actions), they were at least as big as the demonstrations that Earth First! had organized as recently as the previous year.[16]
On June 22, 1990, protesters demonstrated at the Mendocino County Courthouse in Ukiah at a hearing for a THP in Goshawk Grove in the Sanctuary Forest in northwestern Mendocino County.
The weekend of June 23rd was uneventful, but smaller demonstrations continued in Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma, and Marin Counties the following week. On Monday, June 25, 1990, at 10 AM, Redwood Summer organized vigils at Pacific Lumber logging sites on the Mattole River. That same day, an action organized by a group calling itself the Urban Earth Women took place in Mill Valley, California in Marin County at the Pacific Lumber facility located there. Four women dressed as mushrooms, insects, and stumps presented demands to company officials demanding an overnight express mailing of John Muir’s Mountains of California to Charles Hurwitz; a halt to further old growth cutting; a halt to any further clearcutting; withdrawal of support for Proposition 138 (“Big Stump”), and that Charles Hurwitz undergo a six-month rehabilitation in a clear cut with nothing to eat but bread and water (like John Muir).[17] This particular protest was the first of series of weekly demonstrations at Pacific Lumber’s Mill Valley office, organized by the Marin County Greens in conjunction with Redwood Summer. Jo Carson, a motion picture camera operator stated, “We hope that by creating a fair amount of pressure on the company’s employees it will become clear that there are a lot of issues at stake.”[18]
Early the next morning, a group of demonstrators, some of them wearing animal masks, marched from the small Humboldt County town of Redway to Pacific Lumber President John Campbell’s nearby house, where they chanted and serenaded Campbell with songs, while Humboldt County sheriff’s deputies kept a watchful eye, when they weren’t also videotaping the demonstrators. At least one demonstrator climbed a nearby tree, though according to Earth First! spokesperson Jennifer Beigel, it was not on Campbell’s property.[19] Meanwhile, FBI agents were not standing quietly by as they again searched Judi Bari’s home still desperately trying to find something, anything on which they could fabricate a case against her and Cherney.[20] For five hours they ransacked her tiny cabin, removing window frames, pulling nails out of the wall, absconding with documents, and even broke keys off of Bari’s typewriter (in a desperate attempt to prove that Bari had typed the “Lord’s Avenger” letter herself). Since the initial search had taken place the day immediately following the bombing, had the FBI actually found any seemingly incriminating evidence (which they didn’t), it would not have made their case, as ample time had passed in which someone could have planted there.[21] That same day, Ukiah attorney Richard L. Huff demanded that the Mendocino County sheriff’s department turn over copies of all video or audio tape and all photographs taken by deputies at recent demonstrations, arguing that, “I can see how legitimate reason for the sheriff’s oppressive surveillance of the exercise of peaceful political expression in Mendocino County.” Undersheriff Alvie G. Rochester defended the practice citing that it was done “for training purposes” to prepare for ongoing logging protests. Given the FBi’s handling of the bombing case, it was more likely that the real reason for such activity was to create a chilling effect, according to Huff.[22]
On June 25, the Sierra Club and EPIC filed suit against Pacific Lumber in Humboldt County Superior Court, with Judge Ferroggiaro presiding for the company’s punching a logging road through part of the grove and claiming that it was a “wildlife study trail.”[23] The day after that, Redwood Summer conducted a vigil protesting Maxxam’s cutting of a 5,000 acre stand of old growth Douglas fir and hardwood on the Lower North Fork of the Mattole River. Greg King said of the grove:
“It is the largest intact wild area owned by Maxxam Corporation. P-Ls Headwaters Forest is 3,000 acres of ancient redwoods. Although the 5,000 acre Mattole tract contains no redwood, it is equal in biologic importance to Headwaters Forest for several reasons: its size; its diversity of hardwoods, conifers, and meadows; and because just a tiny percentage remains of California’s low elevation ancient Douglas Fir forest habitat.”
The California Department of Fish and Game had recommended a moratorium on new logging in the Mattole’s old growth groves due to the adverse impact that such activity would have on the Mattole River’s salmon and steelhead habitat. There had already been extensive taxpayer funded restoration on the river to mend past logging abuses. Although the cut had been approved two years previously, most agreed that it would not have been approved in 1990, due to the changing political climate brought on by the “New Directions” regime at the CDF, which was, in turn, brought about by the constant raising of the issue by forest preservation activists. Still, this meant that the appeals process had largely been exhausted. Said Kelpie Wilson:
“Since the timber harvest plan has been approved for two years, there is no opening in the legal process for environmentalists to halt the destruction. The vigils are being held to witness the destruction and appeal to the governor and the state legislature to intervene and save this irreplaceable national and world treasure.”[24]
The day after that, at 10 AM, seventy-five demonstrators picketed the California Department of Forestry offices in Santa Rosa to protest Pacific Lumber’s resubmission of THPs 89-762 and 89-763 threatening Headwaters Forest. Tracey Katelman, a graduate student in Forestry and Resource Management at UC Berkeley, added that since the Department of Fish and Wildlife had named the Northern Spotted Owl as threatened, they should likewise list the marbled murrelet. Earth First!er Moaki declared, “Approval of these plans means that CDF has accepted P-L’s wildlife mitigation plan, and that CDF is saying that they can log the trees and save the wildlife which is absurd. So the blood of the marbled murrelet is on the hands of CDF too.”
Kelpie Wilson added, “CDF must have the responsibility to the public to deny these and other old growth plans.”[25]
Greg King, who had carried on the fight to save Headwaters longer than just about anyone else involved in Earth First! stated:
“PL mitigation measures are not enough. Only a no-cut alternative is reasonable within the law. Protection of this grove is essential for continuation of the redwood species. It’s the last of its kind. Headwaters is ancient forest, It’s protection is critical for biodiversity: the grove is the third most important redwood habitat between Redwood National Park and Humboldt State Park in an already highly fragmented region.”[26]
The picket was peaceful and CDF officials held a dialog with the protesters.[27] Two days later, a fire broke out in the L-P Warehouse in Cloverdale. The Santa Rosa Press Democrat, in an uncredited article initially reported that the blaze was probably caused by “a spark from a forklift”, and no suggestion was made whatsoever that it resulted from either monkeywrenching or sabotage.[28] The next day, however, the same publication ran yet another uncredited article quoting an L-P plant supervisor suggesting that the fire could have been deliberately set by someone. The supervisor offered no suggestions on who this might have been, but the article mentioned the bomb that exploded in Bari’s car in Oakland, the Cloverdale pipe bomb, and the Lord’s Avenger, therefore implying a connection and essentially implicating Earth First![29], in spite of the fact that the L-P supervisor was not an arson expert, and there had not been time to conduct a thorough investigation.
If anyone had the wool pulled over their eyes, it was those who believed that Doug Bosco, Barry Keene, and Dan Hauser were representing anyone but corporate timber and their enablers. Despite the “deal” the three had supposedly worked out with L-P’s Harry Merlo and Maxxam’s Charles Hurwitz, there was no indication whatsoever that the two corporate heads would even honor the flimsy and ineffectual provisions of that agreement. For example, Pacific Lumber filed two THPs—which could have been approved that very July—to log and build logging roads in the heart of Headwaters Forest, despite the company’s “promise” not to log old growth there for two years. In a 42-page reply to the CDFs request for additional information, Pacific Lumber forester Robert Stephens stated that for economic reasons, “I have reached the conclusion that there are no alternatives to logging this area,” indicating that leaving Headwaters untouched would require the company to log its other old growth stands more aggressively. The notion that Pacific Lumber not practice liquidation logging and Hurwitz eat his debt was certainly off of the proverbial table. Stephens’ reply acknowledges the biological sensitivity of the grove, and even included data from stream studies conducted by an independent wildlife biologist in mid April, which identified Olympic salamanders, tailed frogs, and Pacific giant salamanders—all species threatened by old growth logging. Stephens also conceded, “the common perception is that (this parcel) is as important as Redwood National Park to the survival of this planet.” Yet, P-L still had plans to log the entire 3,000 acre grove.[30]
On Sunday, July 1, 1990, a group of Wobbly musicians, including Utah Phillips, Dakota Sid Clifford, Max Ventura, Faith Petric and others held a benefit concert for Redwood Summer at Ashkenaz in Berkeley; the concert was sponsored by the Earth Action Network and Seeds of Peace.[31] The following day, a group calling themselves “Grandparents for Old Growth began a series of weekly vigils at the Pacific Lumber offices in town. The day after that, demonstrators hung a banner near the Redwood Summer office in Sylvandale which read “Respect Your Elders : Save Ancient Forests”. It was strung between two giant redwood trees alongside US Highway 101 north of Garberville. On that same day, Judi Bari was finally released from traction. Meanwhile, in Frohna, Missouri, as part of Redwood Summer’s unofficial cousin, “Hardwood Summer”, Earth First! – IWW Local #2 activists served papers against East Perry Lumber Company for the latter’s part in clearcutting in Shawnee National Forest.[32]
The Fourth of July fell on a Wednesday, and on that day, several different events took place. First of all, Judi Bari publically released her medical records which corroborated her contention that the bomb had been placed under the drivers’ seat of her car, contradicting the assertions by FBI Special Agent Frank Doyle that the bomb had been placed on the floorboards of the rear left passenger’s seat. In Mendocino, Eco-thespians composed of activists involved in Redwood Summer joined in the Independence Day parade.[33] Local watershed activist Zina Cattalini called the activists participation in the event, “an inspiration”.[34] Harwood Products announced it would be cutting back operations; to his credit, Art Harwood bucked current trends and took a five percent pay cut, along with several top managers, and blamed “market conditions” rather than environmentalists. Harwood described his workers mood as “not bitter”.[35]
Friday, July 6 was an eventful day. The banner hung two days earlier in Sylvandale was taken down after the sympathetic owner of the property on which the banner was hung received a number of threats (including a few death threats). Meanwhile, the ongoing vigil at the CDF office in Santa Rosa paid off, as the Sonoma County regional office rejected two Pacific Lumber THPs on 564 acres of old growth redwood and Douglas fir in the 3,000 acre Headwaters Grove, citing potential harm to the marbled murrelet.[36] This rare bird is known to nest in just three locations in California—one just south of Crescent City in Del Norte County, in a coastal region in southern San Mateo and northern Santa Cruz Counties, and in the redwoods southeast of Eureka. Only eight nests had ever been identified, all of which were located in crowns of the aforementioned trees.[37] As part of the “deal” negotiated between politicians Bosco, Keene, and Hauser, and the corporate heads of LP and Maxxam, Charles Hurwitz had pledged that Pacific Lumber would not log in Headwaters, but the denied THP was proof that Hurwitz had never been sincere in the first place, and all of the direct action being decried by the likes of Don Nelson and the Yellows was the only recourse left to the Greens.[38]
CDF director Harold Walt, who had been appointed in March said that California was taking measures to reduce the timber cut on California’s North Coast, and promised to reform the way the state regulated its timber industry. Walt cited as evidence the denial of five times as many THPs that year as it had in the first five months of 1989. Specifically, 230 THPs had been approved by the Santa Rosa office headquarters of the CDF’s coastal region in 1990, compared to 311 the previous year, and 103 had been rejected as opposed to 20 in 1989.[39] However, these statistics are somewhat misleading, because THPs vary in size. The Sierra Club’s state forestry task forces countered with statistics showing that while the number of THPs being denied had increased, the actual acreage approved for logging in 1990 had increased by 20 per cent. Emphasizing the point further, the Sierra Club pointed out that the total acreage logged in 1985 was 70,785, but in the first five months of 1990 alone, 60,320 acres had already been logged. Harold Walt conceded that the timber industry may indeed have been overcutting the forests of northern California by as much as 320%.[40]
The next day, Saturday, July 7, 1990, was equally eventful. At the L-P stud mill just north of Willits on US 101, in the sweltering summer heat, more than one hundred Redwood Summer activists participated in a four-hour informational picket line at the facility’s entrance.[41] Some demonstrators held a banner which read, “Stop Redwood Slaughter!”, and overall the demonstration remained peaceful, and no arrests took place.[42] Among the passing motorists who reacted to the demonstration, support was gauged at almost ten-to-one in favor of the demonstration.[43] California Highway Patrol regulated automobile traffic, which was slowed down significantly near the mill as motorists slowed to gawk. CHP officer Mike Kostenecki stated that the deployed force was not present to scuttle the demonstration, but merely for public safety, declaring, “All we want is for no one to get hurt…We’ve just asked people to stay on the west side of the road and not cross back and forth.”[44] Meanwhile, on the “Skunk Line”, a local historic railway, used by tourists as well as local travelers running from Willits to Fort Bragg, activists hung seven banners averaging fifty feet aboveground from trees on nearby private land adjacent to the route, centered around the Big River Watershed. The banners included slogans such as “Happy 25: Keep it Green Forever!”; “Forests Forever: Vote Yes in November!”; and “Save Our Old Growth!” The display was timed to coincide with a special Skunk Line 25th anniversary ride, which catered to local dignitaries.[45]
The four-hour informational picket held two days later on Monday, July 9, at L-P’s Calpella Chip Mill (the facility producing Waferboard), was equally well attended by Redwood Summer activists, and the temperatures were equally hot. This time, however, tempers were nearly as heated, as seventy-five yellow shirted counterdemonstrators across the road, most of them women and children, held a rival demonstration, chanting, “It’s okay to be a logger!” (which few on the Green side would dispute) and “We are the Victims!” (a fact readily acknowledged by the Greens, the only dispute being who was victimizing them).[46] The counter demonstrators held similarly worded signs which also included slogans such as “Families First!”[47] One counterdemonstrator, no doubt attempting to appeal to anti-Redwood Summer sentiment, held a sign which read “If you take my husband’s job, he takes it out on me,”[48] which reveals far more about the violence (and misogyny) inherent in wage slavery than anything else.[49] Darryl Cherney (who was the central figure for the Redwood Summer coalition present at this rally) and George Shook performed labor and environmental themed Earth First! songs. At one point, the Greens crossed the road and attempted to dialog with the Yellows (a photograph in the Ukiah Daily Journal depicts Darryl Cherney interacting with Claudia Jennings from the opposition). Redwood Summer supporter Dan Hirshman explained, “it shaped up as a shouting match until people went across the street and started talking…personally, I thought it was a lot better when people started talking than to shout slogans across a hot road.” Both this and the stud mill demonstration were seen as warm-ups for the upcoming big protest scheduled for July 21 in Fort Bragg.[50] As they had two days earlier, police remained calm, though log trucks entered and left the plant unimpeded. Meanwhile, in Scotia, Grandparents for Old Growth held their second in a series of weekly vigils at the Pacific Lumber office.[51]
On Tuesday, July 10, 1990, the Redwood Summer base camp was relocated from its original site near Honeydew in Humboldt County south to Branscomb in northern Mendocino County, west of Laytonville on land adjacent to the Harwood Forest Products mill. The move allowed closer access to the next series of demonstrations which focused primarily on Mendocino County.[52] Seeking to maintain dialog between the Greens and Yellows, Art Harwood instructed his employees to offer no resistance and not harass the demonstrators (as long as they remained peaceful, which they did).[53] Besides the main base camp, smaller camps of activists were periodically set up, sometimes on privately owned land at the blessing of the land owner. One such homesteader, Walter Camp, who hosted sixty visitors for a total of four days, was so impressed with his guests’ courteousness, knowledge of the issues, and their cleaning up after themselves (“not one bit of trash remained on the ground”) that he wrote a letter to the editor of the Willits News “(urging) everyone to offer aid and support to such groups as Earth First! and Greenpeace.”[54] Don Nelson was unmoved by such appeals, however, and on July 10, he issued a press release announcing the Yellow led “Community Solidarity” coalition’s intention to host a counter rally simultaneous with the Green Redwood Summer demonstration on July 21 in Fort Bragg, in order to “defeat the Earth First! initiative” (meaning Forests Forever which had no actual connection to Earth First! outside of the corporate timber industry’s propaganda efforts). The Yellow counterdemonstration would ironically take place at Green Memorial Field at the junction of Lincoln and Maple Streets following a parade “begining (sic) at 11 AM at the Middle School located at Harold and Pine Streets”[55].
On July 10 and 11, 1990, actions and hearings took place well to the south, in Santa Cruz County. On the first day, activists hung a banner over California State Highway 17, a winding twisting highway which bisects the Santa Cruz Mountains and connects that county’s namesake with San Jose. The banner read, “Defend California Rain Forests – Redwood Summer.”[56] The next day, Santa Cruz Earth First!ers and members of the Redwood Summer coalition testified before a highly anticipated annual meeting of the State Board of Forestry, at the Holiday Inn on Ocean Street in Santa Cruz.[57] The Board adopted emergency regulations intended to provide protection for the Spotted Owl. Some claimed the interim rules could reduce logging on private forestlands by anywhere from 30-50%.[58] The Santa Cruz corporate press was no less quick to frame the issue as a struggle between timber workers and environmentalists than their brethren in Mendocino and Humboldt Counties[59], though in fairness they devoted at some space to illustrating that activists were not “jobless bums”, even if they weren’t always gainfully employed.[60] On Thursday, July 12, 1990, the CDF in Fortuna reviewed two THPs in the Mattole watershed area that had been initially recommended for approval. Similar additional THPs were expected in this area that had already been damaged by sloppy logging operations, including in particular illegally filling in creeks (in order to skid logs) by the very same Lancaster Logging family whose members had fired shotguns at demonstrators and broke Mem Hill’s nose the year before. The Lancasters’ blatant disregard for sound environmental practices sent discharges into the Mattole River. Redwood Summer activists demanded a halt to all THPs on the Mattole in response. Also on that day, Judi Bari was released from Highland Hospital and transferred to a rehabilitation facility to begin intensive physical therapy.[61]
On Saturday, July 14, 1990, at Chamberlain Creek, west of Willits on California State Highway 20, near the Jackson State Forest, a group of about sixty Redwood Summer demonstrators held an informational picket and protest (which remained peaceful and nonviolent) to draw attention to the ongoing clearcutting of the surrounding forestlands.[62] The demonstrators carried signs and banners. The action lasted four hours and support from passing motorists was estimated at approximately ten-to-one in favor (which seemed to be the ongoing pattern).[63] One of the hostile motorists was not so peaceful. Various witnesses, including demonstrators and sheriff’s deputies reported seeing “two or three young men in a tan vehicle” (either a sedan or station wagon, possibly with a luggage rack according to some accounts) shouting and making obscene gestures at the demonstrators. Just as this vehicle passed by, a demonstrator’s right rear car window was shattered; the car’s owner recalls that the broken window had been left partially unrolled. Lieutenant Jay Miller declared that, “We found no bullet or rock inside the car, but the window was shattered and there was glass inside, outside, and on top of the car.” Miller suggested that the might have resulted from a glancing blow to the glass, perhaps from the passing tan vehicle. The demonstrator’s vehicle had been parked near the demonstration.[64] The Sheriffs took testimony, but ultimately refused to investigate matters further.[65] Sheriffs’ offices in Willits and Fort Bragg as well as the California Highway Patrol were given descriptions of the suspects’ car, but claimed they couldn’t track it down. Lieutenant Miller defended the police inaction stating, “at this point we have no leads. We have no place to go from here in our investigation.”[66] Given the authorities’ reaction to the Bari bombing and their pattern of refusal to investigate, let alone prosecute those who had threatened and committed violence against environmentalists, this was par for the course.
Two days later, on Monday, July 16, 1990, Redwood Summer supporters held another peaceful informational picket and rally on Highway 20 about halfway between Willits and Fort Bragg, beginning at 11 AM that morning. Redwood Summer demonstrators announced that they would be conducting watershed tours throughout Mendocino County beginning on Tuesday. That same Monday, the trial of the 44 demonstrators arrested at the June 20 demonstration in Samoa began, and continued throughout the rest of that week. Defendants faced charges of trespassing and resisting arrest, which carried suspended jail sentences, probation, and hefty fines. A support rally was schedule for the following Monday.[67]
As was the case in the Revolutionary War, there were numerous cases where revolutionary sentiment was stirred up by the arrogance of the powers that be. One particular example occurred at a place that came to be known as Osprey Grove.
Osprey Grove is located at mile marker 4.21 on California State Highway 128, just inland from the Navarro River on the southwestern Mendocino County coast near a place known as Barton Creek. It was adjacent to the eastern side of a grove of redwoods that had recently been purchased by the Save the Redwoods League that was known to have Northern Spotted Owls nesting in it.[68] Very early on the morning of July 18, 1990, three days before the action was set to take place in Fort Bragg, residents living along the Navarro Watershed hear Louisiana Pacific cutting recently discovered old growth Redwoods in the grove.[69] “We didn’t even know (the old growth trees were) there until…they were logging on top and opened things up enough so we could see them,” said local resident and Redwood Summer supporter Steve Heckeroth.[70] Heckeroth contacted Redwood Summer organizers[71] who quickly mobilized a group of sixty-five demonstrators who entered the woods to protect the 15 acre parcel of old growth redwoods and Douglas fir[72] from clearcutting by Robert “Mancher” Pardini’s gyppo firm, under contract from Louisiana Pacific.[73] Meanwhile, concerned locals quickly formed Friends of Osprey Grove (FOG) and began a legal campaign to save the old growth stand.[74] L-P had filed THP 1-89-468 the previous year to clear cut forty acres of second growth nearby, including 4½ acres of Osprey Grove which was not old growth, but had flagged the remaining acres of the grove not in the original THP, inserted skid roads into the old growth stand, and had cut ten of the thirty old growth trees there. Locals had appealed the THP and were contesting it legally when the cutting began. Fifty Redwood Summer supporters holding protest signs also peacefully occupied the road leading up to the gate at the entrance of the THP, which was visible from Highway 128. Traffic along the highway slowed to gawk, but demonstrators did not impede the passage of logging trucks, attempting instead to dialog with the workers. About fifty police from various state and local agencies responded to the action, and Mendocino County sheriff’s deputies—following directions given by L-P Security—confiscated film and cameras from three journalists[75] who were among the ten people who were arrested in all that day.[76] Seven of the arrestees were keeping vigil inside of the burl of a living redwood tree. [77]
The demonstrators succeeded in stopping logging on the first day, but next day, however, only nineteen demonstrators showed up and the situation turned out to be significantly tenser. A Redwood Summer demonstrator writing under the pseudonym “Barking Tree” described what happened next:
“We quietly moved across the fields single file, stopping to listen to the distant cats (logging equipment) driving onto the site. We held our breath and crouched low in preparation for what lay before us. We all quickly ducked under L-P’s pink ribbon designating their THP boundary and moved down the road. Someone in the front spotted a flashlight ahead and we were then sure that L-P was prepared to deal with us radical activists.
“Our group split up, into groups of four and five. Matt and I quickly got off the skid road hiding in a grove of fallen trees. I stashed myself in the hollow of a horizontal log and Matt found a space inside a standing tree.
“I felt safe from being spotted so I asserted my self-appointed position as radio person and at-tempted to reach our temporary base camp. We had agreed on Channel 27. Lisa and I talked long enough to switch to channel 30. From then on I didn’t feel safe enough to whisper so I cut myself from the outside world.
“The silent radio was made up for by the sounds of the forest. Clucks, clicks, chirps and whistles. Hoots from what I later realized were owls. Birds of all sorts were chanting their creation songs, being greeted by the break of day. The symphonic orchestration of morning calls was interrupted by a high-pitched whine buzzing in my ear. Mosquitos, dozens of them, hovered around me in eager anticipation.
“A high-pitched hoarse voice rose above the whining din, “You cocksuckers!” Get out of this forest. I see you under that brush you motherfucker! Get out!!” It was the familiar (from the day before) rapture of the L-P forester Lee Susan, across the grove. Above me on the skid road I heard heavy steps running up and down the road. Two people from our group rushed by me. I was not curious or daring enough to see who was chasing them. Moments later I heard more heavy footsteps and panting. I looked up and saw a dark curly haired man. He stooped down out of sight and then was up again. I then watched as he threw two large rocks, baseball style, at me, thought to myself, “holy shit this guy is trying to kill me.” After two missed shots, landing only steps away, he was gone. I was frightened, helpless, but surprisingly calm. I kept asking myself when the police would get there so that they could arrest us radical activists. I was never so eager to see the boys in blue. Above me on the skid road I heard many more heavy footsteps. I sat there and watched as large rocks were hurled from the road, aimed at people from our group. I was completely helpless. If I made the slightest noise, even the snap of a twig, I would have been found. So I sat there holding my breath.”[78]
Lee Susan personally assaulted Mike Long with an axe handle[79] and three others (all of them belonging to the Colorado Redwood Witness Group, who had traveled together to participate in Redwood Summer.[80] Two of the assaulted protesters were superficially wounded, but refused medical treatment.[81] At or around 10 AM, CRWG members Doug Momberger and Toni Chapman attempted to complete a citizen’s arrest against Susan with the aid of Mendocino County Sheriff Sergeant Tony Craver, but were denied by commanding officer Don Miller under the rationale that Susan had gone home for the day, and citizen’s arrest was impossible if the suspect were absent. However, no attempts were made to locate Susan to confirm this statement.[82] Long’s assault had been witnessed by Barking Tree:
“A man from our group was standing on the other side of the gully. I could clearly see the blood streaming down his face. I couldn’t believe my eyes! Those rock throwers could have killed him! The bleeding man began a heated argument with two so-called “foresters” Lee Susan and Jack Sweeley above me on the skid road about the technicalities of cutting old growth in Osprey Grove, All I could focus in on was the blood on his face. Their argument was interrupted by the whining chain saw.
“The two “foresters” informed all of us that we were in a dangerous area and we needed to get out if we didn’t want a tree to come crashing down on us. I couldn’t and still can’t believe they began cutting with nineteen people in the grove. I was not going to challenge the men’s warning so I quickly got up and with Matt got the hell out of there. I frantically got in touch with the outside world to tell them to get the police in the grove to protect our group from rocks and falling trees.”[83]
Twelve more were arrested that day[84], making 39 arrests in all, and L-P claimed that it had voluntarily stopped logging, though it was more than likely bad publicity about Lee Susan’s and Jack Sweeley’s blatant misconduct coupled with the illegal flagging of forestlands not in the original THP probably had as much to do with the company’s decision as anything else.[85] The Gyppos had built skid roads into the grove and cut ten old growth trees before logging was halted.[86] Mike Long had lain hidden near L-P’s logging deck for four hours (after having been assaulted and beaten) where he overheard logging foremen admit that the grove currently being cut did contain old growth, that logging had been halted as early as 11 AM due to the activists’ efforts, that G-P would not allow press inside the mill on Saturday, June 21, during the day of actions, and (pro corporate timber) logging truck operators would attempt to block roads into Fort Bragg that day in order to undermine the Redwood Summer demonstration.[87] G-P confirmed that they had decided to bar press from their mill for the day of the rally (quite possibly because it might undermine the imagery created by the carefully scripted counter protest).[88] No arrests took place the following day, even though demonstrators continued to occupy the grove and keep vigil at the entrance gate. Late in the day, the Friends of Osprey Grove (composed of locals and Redwood Summer activists) filed a suit to stop further cutting, but Mendocino County superior court judge Luther denied the initial request.[89]
Notes:
[1] “Spotted Owl Declared Threatened”, AP and “Listing Gives Agency New Power”, AP, Ukiah Daily Journal, June 22, 1990; and “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[2] “Owl Declared Threatened: Strategy to Save Bird Still Under Wraps”, by Eileen Klineman, “Timber Harvesting Plans at Stake Over Owl Data”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 23, 1990; and “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[3] “Feds Grapple With Saving Owl and Jobs: Loggers, Activists Awaiting Details”, AP, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 24, 1990; and “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[4] “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[5] “Owl Versus Man: Who Gives a Hoot?”, Time Magazine, June 25, 1990.
[6] “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[7] “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[8] “Actions the Administration May Wish to Consider in Implementing a Conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl, by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, unpublished and referenced in the Eugene Register-Guard, May 4, 1991 and also Foster, John Bellamy, op. cit.
[9] “Spotted Owl Gets Lukewarm, Delayed Protection”, by Tim Mckay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[10] “Loggers Rally for Jobs After Move to Save Owl”, Associated Press, reprinted in the Ukiah Daily Journal, June 25, 1990
[11] “Publisher’s Corner”, by Harry Blythe, Mendocino Commentary, June 28, 1990.
[12] “High Stakes”, by Tim McKay, EcoNews, July 1990.
[13] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[14] “Timber Firm Agrees to Delay Cutting”, by Clark Mason, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, May 10, 1990; and “Suits Stop Logging”, EcoNews, June 1990.
[15] "Mendocino Undertow", by Nancy Barth, North Coast News, June 6, 1990.
[16] “Earth First! in Northern California: An Interview with Judi Bari” by Douglas Bevington, reprinted in The Struggle for Ecological Democracy; Environmental Justice Movements in the United States, edited by Daniel Faber,1998, Guilford Press, New York, NY and London. , 256.
[17] “Urban Earth Women Stage Protest”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 26, 1990.
[18] “Local Protest at Pacific Lumber”, by Greg Cahill, Pacific Sun, July 20, 1990.
[19] “Redwood Summer Protesters Target SR Forestry Offices”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 27, 1990.
[20] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[21] “Redwood Summer Bombing: Police Framing, Not Investigating”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, July 1, 1990.
[22] “Attorney Wants Tapes of Rallies”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 27, 1990.
[23] “Headwaters Forest Threatened: PL Attempting to Derailo Cal Voters; Redwood Summer Calls Demonstration”, by Greg King, et. al., June 25, 1990.
[24] “Redwood Summer Plans Vigils to Protest Pacific Lumber Clearcuts of Old Growth Forests”, press release, by Jennifer Biegel, et. al., June 26, 1990.
[25] “Headwaters Forest Threatened: PL Attempting to Derailo Cal Voters; Redwood Summer Calls Demonstration”, by Greg King, et. al., June 25, 1990.
[26] “Headwaters Forest Threatened: PL Attempting to Derailo Cal Voters; Redwood Summer Calls Demonstration”, by Greg King, et. al., June 25, 1990.
[27] “Protesters, Foresters Talk; Demonstration Focuses on Headwaters”, by Bleys W. Rose, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 28, 1990.
[28] “Fire Damages L-P Warehouse”, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, June 30, 1990.
[29] “Cloverdale Mill Blaze Investigated”, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 1, 1990.
[30] “PL Wants Green Light for Last Old Redwoods”, by Wayne Warkentin, EcoNews, July 1990.
[31] From a leaflet titled, “Redwood Summer Benefit Concert”, ca. late June 1990.
[32] “Showdown on the Shawnee”, by Orin Langelle and John Wallace, Earth First! Journal, Lughnasadh / August 1, 1990.
[33] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[34] “An Inspiration”, letter to the editor by Zina Cattalini, Mendocino Beacon, July 12, 1990.
[35] “Harwood Products Cuts Back Timber Mill Operation”, by Tobias Young, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 5, 1990.
[36] “Headwaters Logging Denied: State Agency Sides With Sea Bird Survival”, by Chris Smith, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 7, 1990; “Court Breaths New Life into Logging Suit”, by Bob Egelko, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 7, 1990; “Environmental Lawsuit Against Department of Forestry Revived”, AP Wire, Ukiah Daily Journal, July 8, 1990; “Timber Cut Slowed by Department of Forestry”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990; and “Murrelet Stops PALCO Harvest Plans”, by Richard Mann, Humboldt Beacon and Fortuna Advance, July 12, 1990.
[37] “New Bird Blocks P-L”, EcoNews, August 1990.
[38] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[39] Walt: Harvest Plans Denied”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 4, 1990.
[40] “Timber Cut Slowed by Department of Forestry”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990.
[41] “2 L-P Mills Targeted for Demonstrations”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 6, 1990; and “Redwood Summer Protest Draws 100”, by Lois O’Rourke, Ukiah Daily Journal, July 8, 1990.
[42] “No Confrontation in Willits Protest: Activist ‘Energy Being Conserved’”, by Chris Smith, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 8, 1990.
[43] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[44] “Redwood Summer Camp Moves to Mendocino”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990.
[45] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[46] “Foes Trade Chants at Log Protest”, by Mike Geniella, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 10, 1990; “Timber Supporters, Activists Clash”, by Chris Calder, and “Wives, Families Organize”, uncredited, Ukiah Daily Journal, July 8, 1990
[47] “Redwood Summer Camp Moves to Mendocino”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990.
[48] “1990: A Year in the Life of Earth First!”, by Judi Bari, January 2, 1991.
[49] “Lisa Henry on her 22nd Birthday”, Lisa Henry interviewed by Beth Bosk, New Settler Interview, January 1991.
[50] “Redwood Summer Camp Moves to Mendocino”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990.
[51] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[52] “Redwood Summer Camp Moves to Mendocino”, by Carrie Switzer, Willits News, July 11, 1990.
[53] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[54] “Offer Aid”, letter to the editor by Walter Camp, Willits News, July 18, 1990.
[55] “Press Release”, by Don Nelson, Mendocino Commentary, July 12, 1990; evidently Don Nelson placed no higher value on accurate spelling or grammar than he did on accuracy and ethics.
[56] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[57] “Friends of Spotted Owl Flocking to Santa Cruz Today”, Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 11, 1990.
[58] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[59] “Loggers Lose to Spotted Owl: State Board OKs Tough Rules”, by Maria Guara, Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 12, 1990; such publications didn’t generally issue headlines such as “Loggers Lose to Capitalist Greed” or even “Spotted Owl May Bring Temporary Logging Reductions, but Guarantee Long Term Job Security”., which were far more accurate and closer to reality.
[60] “Activism is Hard Work”, by E Mark Moreno, Santa Cruz Sentinel, July 12, 1990.
[61] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[62] “Car Window Smashed in Protest”, Willits News, July 18, 1990.
[63] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[64] “Car Window Smashed in Protest”, Willits News, July 18, 1990.
[65] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[66] “Car Window Smashed in Protest”, Willits News, July 18, 1990.
[67] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[68] “Osprey Grove Action Exemplary”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[69] “1990: a Year in the Life of Earth First!”, by Judi Bari, Anderson Valley Advertiser, January 2, 1991.
[70] “L-P Fells Old Growth in Osprey Grove”, by Judy Nichols, North Coast News, September 20, 1990.
[71] “Forestry by Revenge”, Press Release, Ecotopia Earth First! Extra, Special Baby Treesus Issue / December 1990.
[72] “Osprey Grove Action Exemplary”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[73] “Gyppos Shafted at Osprey Grove”, Industrial Worker, September 1990; the article misidentifies Robert Pardini as “Don” Pardini and Robert’s son Danny as “John”.
[74] “Osprey Grove: What Really Happened”, by Zack Stenz, multiple publications, including Anderson Valley Advertiser, October 3, 1990; and Industrial Worker, December 1990; an abridged version appeared in the Samhain / November 1, 1990 edition of the Earth First! Journal.
[75] “Osprey Grove Action Exemplary”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[76] “Logging Protesters Arrested”, by Tobias Young, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 19, 1990.
[77] “Redwood Summer Protesters Arrested; Earth First! Supporters Demand Apology in Oakland”, San Francisco Chronicle, July 19, 1990.
[78] “Dawn Action in the Grove”, by Barking Tree, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[79] “A Boy Named Sue”, from “Here and There in Mendocino County”, by Bruce Anderson, Anderson Valley Advertiser, August 15, 1990. Two years later, during a series of protests at Enchanted Meadow alongthe Albion River, Darryl Cherney wrote a humorous protest song titled “Wake Up Lee Susan” to the tune of “Wake Up Lil’ Suzie”. Lee Susan was not known for his sense of humor.
[80] “Redwood Summer Activists Assaulted”, Earth First! Journal, Lughnasadh / August 1, 1990.
[81] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[82] “Redwood Summer Activists Assaulted”, Earth First! Journal, Lughnasadh / August 1, 1990.
[83] “Dawn Action in the Grove”, by Barking Tree, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[84] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[85] “Osprey Grove Action Exemplary”, by Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, August 1, 1990.
[86] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.
[87] “Redwood Summer Activists Assaulted”, Earth First! Journal, Lughnasadh / August 1, 1990.
[88] “G-P Blocks Access for Ft. Bragg Protest”, by Tobias Young, Santa Rosa Press Democrat, July 20, 1990.
[89] “Redwood Summer Timeline”, by Karen Pickett, Earth First! Journal, Samhain / November 1, 1990; and Richard Johnson, Mendocino Country Environmentalist, various issues from June 1, 1990 – October 1. 1990.